`Researchers explained in a new study how living in space for a long period of time can affect the human body. Specifically, they noted that living aboard the International Space Station (ISS) for over six months can alter the microorganisms living within astronauts.
The study focused on the effects of space travel on the human microbiome, which refers to all microorganisms that live on and within the human body. These include the microorganisms and bacteria living on the skin and inside the gut or stomach. The new study was published in the journal PLOS ONE.
Effect Of ISS On Gut Microbiomes
For the study, the researchers analyzed astronauts who stayed on the ISS for missions that lasted six to 12 months. By comparing the astronauts' conditions before and after they lived on the station, the researchers learned that their gut microbiomes became more diverse, which is contrary to what the researchers were expecting due to the ISS' bacteria-free environment. "Since the station is a very clean environment, we were expecting reduced gut diversity in space compared to preflight or post-flight because the astronauts are less exposed to environmental bacteria," microbiologist Hernan Lorenzi said in a statement.
As noted by the researchers, the gut microbes of astronauts became more diverse probably due to their diets aboard the station. With over 200 food and drink options to choose from, the astronauts received a more varied diet than they did at home.
Detecting Changes In Skin Bacteria
Aside from gut microbes, the researchers also detected a change in skin microbiomes. Although they were able to detect an increase in the skin microbiomes of some astronauts, they saw a decreasing trend in their other subjects. Both groups showed a decrease in the bacteria Proteobacteria.
According to the researchers, the change was most likely caused by the cleanliness of the station.
Studying The Effects of Long-Term Space Travel
The changes triggered by the ISS' environment on the astronauts' body, which the researchers referred to as "microbial fingerprinting," could be studied further in order to understand the other long-term effects of living in space.
"There's an interplay between the microbial community of the space station and its crew, and understanding the details is important for preventing complications for health or for spacecraft on long-term human space missions," microbiologist Crystal Jaing stated.
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