Each year on May 29, the world marks the International Day of UN Peacekeepers, honoring the courage of those who serve under the blue flag in the world's most challenging environments. Since 1948, peacekeepers have stood as guardians of stability in conflict zones across the globe. Today, more than 72,000 personnel work in peacekeeping operations, but a striking imbalance in their ranks reflects deeper questions about representation in global security. For the past 25 years, the Women, Peace and Security agenda has played an instrumental role in advancing women's participation in peacekeeping operations around the world.
The story of UN peacekeeping is not merely about numbers but about whose voices shape peace. In March 2023, women constituted 8.4 percent of the more than 76,700 uniformed peacekeepers at the time, 6.4 percent of military contingents and 21 percent of military staff officers and military observers, a significant rise from just 1 percent in 1993, yet still far from parity. These statistics tell a tale of progress and challenge, of institutional barriers and bold changes happening within one of the world's most significant security frameworks.
The Slow March Toward Equal Representation
Women remain starkly underrepresented in military contingents despite high-level commitments and strategic frameworks. By 2028, the UN aims to have women comprise at least 15 percent of military personnel, 25 percent of military observers and staff officers, and 20 percent of police units, ambitious goals that demand systemic change.
A variety of barriers hold back women's participation in peacekeeping, ranging from limited career advancement opportunities to family constraints and deployment criteria. The challenge runs deeper than simple recruitment: it reflects how societies structure their security forces and who they deem suitable for frontline roles.
Countries with stronger domestic records of equality between men and women deploy significantly more women peacekeepers. Ghana, which began enlisting women in 1958 and trained female officer pilots by 1965, contributed 14.1 percent female peacekeepers as of October 2022 according to UN peacekeeping. This pattern repeats across nations, demonstrating that peacekeeping gender balance begins with domestic military policies.
Beyond Numbers: The Quest for Meaningful Participation
However, the presence of women in peacekeeping missions does not automatically translate to meaningful participation. Too often, female peacekeepers find themselves limited to stereotypical roles: nursing, community engagement, administration, and domestic services, regardless of their skills and experience. Missions with higher percentages of combat-related forces typically have the lowest percentages of women, reflecting persistent beliefs that women cannot protect themselves in dangerous conflict areas.
This underutilization creates a challenging dynamic where women rarely conduct patrols or interact with local communities, precisely the areas where their representation could have the greatest impact. The focus on simply increasing recruitment numbers without addressing how women are deployed and what roles they fill risks what experts call the "instrumentalization" of female peacekeepers. As researcher Nina Wilen notes, there's an urgent need to contextualize women's contributions and emphasize the benefits that gender-balanced teams bring to peacekeeping, rather than segregating personnel based on gender alone.
Pathfinders: Countries Leading the Charge
Several nations have significantly outpaced global averages in deploying women to peacekeeping missions. According to Women in International Security, South Africa, Ghana, Ethiopia, and Tanzania all surpassed the UN's 2022 target of having at least 9 percent women among countries contributing more than 1,000 troops. Nigeria stands out with 21.5 percent of its peacekeepers being women, while Indonesia has deployed over 570 female peacekeepers to various UN missions since 1999.
The contrast with other major contributors is stark. India, the world's second-largest troop-contributing country with 5,548 deployed personnel, included only 51 women a mere 0.9 percent of their contribution. This disparity highlights how political will and institutional culture, not just available personnel, determine a country's balance between men and women in peacekeeping operations. When examining specific missions, MINUSCA in the Central African Republic, UNMISS in South Sudan, and MONUSCO in the Democratic Republic of Congo have the highest raw numbers of female troops, though women still represent only 5.9-6.4 percent of these forces. The United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) stands as an outlier with 40 percent female representation, demonstrating what's possible when intentional deployment practices are implemented.
True progress will require more than symbolic commitments. Experts suggest the UN should consider paying premiums to countries based on the percentage of high-ranking women assigned to contingents, creating financial incentives for meaningful inclusion. Such incentives could be tied to specialized training and rigorous vetting procedures, addressing multiple reform priorities simultaneously.
The story of women in UN peacekeeping operations reflects a broader narrative about security, representation, and whose perspectives shape peace processes worldwide. The Women, Peace and Security agenda emphasizes the critical role that women and their perspectives play in the success of peacebuilding and peacekeeping missions around the world.
As the blue helmets mark another International Day of UN Peacekeepers, the question remains: Will the next decade bring tokenistic increases in women's participation, or genuine transformation in how peacekeeping missions operate? The answer lies not just in recruitment statistics but in systemic changes to deployment practices, mission structure, and the fundamental understanding of what effective peacekeeping requires in complex modern conflicts.
